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SF.net SVN: ledger-smb: [1013] branches/1.2/doc
- Subject: SF.net SVN: ledger-smb: [1013] branches/1.2/doc
- From: ..hidden..
- Date: Mon, 26 Mar 2007 00:13:54 -0700
Revision: 1013
http://svn.sourceforge.net/ledger-smb/?rev=1013&view=rev
Author: einhverfr
Date: 2007-03-26 00:13:54 -0700 (Mon, 26 Mar 2007)
Log Message:
-----------
Adding HTML manual rendition from xhlatex
Modified Paths:
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branches/1.2/doc/manual/LedgerSMB-manual.aux
branches/1.2/doc/manual/LedgerSMB-manual.log
Added Paths:
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branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/
branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.css
branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.html
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branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual2.html
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Added: branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.css
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--- branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.css (rev 0)
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Added: branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.html
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.html (rev 0)
+++ branches/1.2/doc/html_manual/LedgerSMB-manual.html 2007-03-26 07:13:54 UTC (rev 1013)
@@ -0,0 +1,4496 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd";>
+<!--http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd-->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml";
+>
+<head><title>Ledger-SMB Manual v. 1.2</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
+<meta name="generator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)" />
+<meta name="originator" content="TeX4ht (http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/TeX4ht/mn.html)" />
+<!-- xhtml -->
+<meta name="src" content="LedgerSMB-manual.tex" />
+<meta name="date" content="2007-03-26 00:09:00" />
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="LedgerSMB-manual.css" />
+</head><body
+>
+ <div class="maketitle">
+
+
+
+
+
+<h2 class="titleHead">Ledger-SMB Manual v. 1.2</h2>
+<div class="author" ><span
+class="pplr8t-x-x-120">The LedgerSMB Core Team</span></div>
+<br />
+<div class="date" ><span
+class="pplr8t-x-x-120">March 26, 2007</span></div>
+ </div>Copyright <span
+class="cmsy-10">©</span>2006 The LedgerSMB Core Team. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
+document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version
+published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no
+Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
+License" (Appendix <a
+href="#x1-223000E">E<!--tex4ht:ref: fdl --></a>).
+ <h3 class="likesectionHead"><a
+ id="x1-1000"></a>Contents</h3>
+ <div class="tableofcontents">
+ <span class="partToc">I  <a
+href="#x1-3000I" id="QQ2-1-3">Ledger-SMB and Business Processes</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">1 <a
+href="#x1-40001" id="QQ2-1-4">Introduction to Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">1.1 <a
+href="#x1-50001.1" id="QQ2-1-5">Why Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">1.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-60001.1.1" id="QQ2-1-6">Advantages of Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">1.1.2 <a
+href="#x1-70001.1.2" id="QQ2-1-7">Key Features</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">1.2 <a
+href="#x1-80001.2" id="QQ2-1-8">Limitations of Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">1.3 <a
+href="#x1-90001.3" id="QQ2-1-9">System Requirements of Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">2 <a
+href="#x1-100002" id="QQ2-1-10">User Account and Database Administration Basics</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">2.1 <a
+href="#x1-110002.1" id="QQ2-1-11">Companies and Datasets</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">2.2 <a
+href="#x1-120002.2" id="QQ2-1-12">How to Create a User</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">2.3 <a
+href="#x1-130002.3" id="QQ2-1-13">Permissions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">2.4 <a
+href="#x1-140002.4" id="QQ2-1-14">User Account Types</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">2.5 <a
+href="#x1-150002.5" id="QQ2-1-15">Other Features</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">3 <a
+href="#x1-160003" id="QQ2-1-16">Chart of Accounts</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">3.1 <a
+href="#x1-170003.1" id="QQ2-1-17">Introduction to Double Entry Bookkeeping</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-180003.1.1" id="QQ2-1-18">Business Entity</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.2 <a
+href="#x1-190003.1.2" id="QQ2-1-19">Double Entry</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.3 <a
+href="#x1-200003.1.3" id="QQ2-1-20">Accounts</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.4 <a
+href="#x1-210003.1.4" id="QQ2-1-21">Debits and Credits</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.5 <a
+href="#x1-220003.1.5" id="QQ2-1-22">Accrual</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">3.1.6 <a
+href="#x1-230003.1.6" id="QQ2-1-23">References</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">3.2 <a
+href="#x1-240003.2" id="QQ2-1-24">General Guidelines on Numbering Accounts</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">3.3 <a
+href="#x1-250003.3" id="QQ2-1-25">Adding/Modifying Accounts</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">3.4 <a
+href="#x1-260003.4" id="QQ2-1-26">Listing Account Balances and Transactions</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">4 <a
+href="#x1-270004" id="QQ2-1-27">Administration</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.1 <a
+href="#x1-280004.1" id="QQ2-1-28">Taxes, Defaults, and Preferences</a></span>
+
+
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-290004.1.1" id="QQ2-1-29">Adding A Sales Tax Account</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.1.2 <a
+href="#x1-300004.1.2" id="QQ2-1-30">Setting a Sales Tax Amount</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.1.3 <a
+href="#x1-310004.1.3" id="QQ2-1-31">Default Account Setup</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.1.4 <a
+href="#x1-320004.1.4" id="QQ2-1-32">Currency Setup</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.1.5 <a
+href="#x1-330004.1.5" id="QQ2-1-33">Sequence Settings</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.2 <a
+href="#x1-340004.2" id="QQ2-1-34">Audit Control</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.2.1 <a
+href="#x1-350004.2.1" id="QQ2-1-35">Explaining transaction reversal</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.2.2 <a
+href="#x1-360004.2.2" id="QQ2-1-36">Close books option</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.2.3 <a
+href="#x1-370004.2.3" id="QQ2-1-37">Audit Trails</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.3 <a
+href="#x1-380004.3" id="QQ2-1-38">Departments</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-390004.3.1" id="QQ2-1-39">Cost v Profit Centers.</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.4 <a
+href="#x1-400004.4" id="QQ2-1-40">Warehouses</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.5 <a
+href="#x1-410004.5" id="QQ2-1-41">Languages</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.6 <a
+href="#x1-420004.6" id="QQ2-1-42">Types of Businesses</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.7 <a
+href="#x1-430004.7" id="QQ2-1-43">Misc.</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.7.1 <a
+href="#x1-440004.7.1" id="QQ2-1-44">GIFI</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.7.2 <a
+href="#x1-450004.7.2" id="QQ2-1-45">SIC</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.7.3 <a
+href="#x1-460004.7.3" id="QQ2-1-46">Overview of Template Editing</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">4.7.4 <a
+href="#x1-470004.7.4" id="QQ2-1-47">Year-end</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">4.8 <a
+href="#x1-480004.8" id="QQ2-1-48">Options in the ledger-smb.conf</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">5 <a
+href="#x1-490005" id="QQ2-1-49">Goods and Services</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.1 <a
+href="#x1-500005.1" id="QQ2-1-50">Basic Terms</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.2 <a
+href="#x1-510005.2" id="QQ2-1-51">The Price Matrix</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.3 <a
+href="#x1-520005.3" id="QQ2-1-52">Pricegroups</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.4 <a
+href="#x1-530005.4" id="QQ2-1-53">Groups</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.5 <a
+href="#x1-540005.5" id="QQ2-1-54">Labor/Overhead</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.6 <a
+href="#x1-550005.6" id="QQ2-1-55">Services</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.6.1 <a
+href="#x1-560005.6.1" id="QQ2-1-56">Shipping and Handling as a Service</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.7 <a
+href="#x1-570005.7" id="QQ2-1-57">Parts</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.8 <a
+href="#x1-580005.8" id="QQ2-1-58">Assemblies and Manufacturing</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.8.1 <a
+href="#x1-590005.8.1" id="QQ2-1-59">Stocking Assemblies</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.9 <a
+href="#x1-600005.9" id="QQ2-1-60">Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.9.1 <a
+href="#x1-610005.9.1" id="QQ2-1-61">All Items and Parts Reports</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.9.2 <a
+href="#x1-620005.9.2" id="QQ2-1-62">Requirements</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.9.3 <a
+href="#x1-630005.9.3" id="QQ2-1-63">Services and Labor</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.9.4 <a
+href="#x1-640005.9.4" id="QQ2-1-64">Assemblies</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">5.9.5 <a
+href="#x1-650005.9.5" id="QQ2-1-65">Groups and Pricegroups</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.10 <a
+href="#x1-660005.10" id="QQ2-1-66">Translations</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">5.11 <a
+href="#x1-670005.11" id="QQ2-1-67">How Cost of Goods Sold is tracked</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">6 <a
+href="#x1-680006" id="QQ2-1-68">AP</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.1 <a
+href="#x1-690006.1" id="QQ2-1-69">Basic AP Concepts</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.2 <a
+href="#x1-700006.2" id="QQ2-1-70">Vendors</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.3 <a
+href="#x1-710006.3" id="QQ2-1-71">AP Transactions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.4 <a
+href="#x1-720006.4" id="QQ2-1-72">AP Invoices</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-730006.4.1" id="QQ2-1-73">Correcting an AP Invoice</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.5 <a
+href="#x1-740006.5" id="QQ2-1-74">Cash payment And Check Printing</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.5.1 <a
+href="#x1-750006.5.1" id="QQ2-1-75">Rapid Payment Entry Screen</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.6 <a
+href="#x1-760006.6" id="QQ2-1-76">Transaction/Invoice Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.6.1 <a
+href="#x1-770006.6.1" id="QQ2-1-77">Transactions Report</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.6.2 <a
+href="#x1-780006.6.2" id="QQ2-1-78">Outstanding Report</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.6.3 <a
+href="#x1-790006.6.3" id="QQ2-1-79">AP Aging Report</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.6.4 <a
+href="#x1-800006.6.4" id="QQ2-1-80">Tax Paid and Non-taxable Report</a></span>
+
+
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">6.7 <a
+href="#x1-810006.7" id="QQ2-1-81">Vendor Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.7.1 <a
+href="#x1-820006.7.1" id="QQ2-1-82">Vendor Search</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">6.7.2 <a
+href="#x1-830006.7.2" id="QQ2-1-83">Vendor History</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">7 <a
+href="#x1-840007" id="QQ2-1-84">AR</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.1 <a
+href="#x1-850007.1" id="QQ2-1-85">Customers</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">7.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-860007.1.1" id="QQ2-1-86">Customer Price Matrix</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.2 <a
+href="#x1-870007.2" id="QQ2-1-87">AR Transactions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.3 <a
+href="#x1-880007.3" id="QQ2-1-88">AR Invoices</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.4 <a
+href="#x1-890007.4" id="QQ2-1-89">Cash Receipt</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">7.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-900007.4.1" id="QQ2-1-90">Cash Receipts for multiple customers</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.5 <a
+href="#x1-910007.5" id="QQ2-1-91">AR Transaction Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">7.5.1 <a
+href="#x1-920007.5.1" id="QQ2-1-92">AR Transactions Report</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">7.5.2 <a
+href="#x1-930007.5.2" id="QQ2-1-93">AR Aging Report</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">7.6 <a
+href="#x1-940007.6" id="QQ2-1-94">Customer Reporting</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">8 <a
+href="#x1-950008" id="QQ2-1-95">Projects</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">8.1 <a
+href="#x1-960008.1" id="QQ2-1-96">Project Basics</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">8.2 <a
+href="#x1-970008.2" id="QQ2-1-97">Timecards</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">8.3 <a
+href="#x1-980008.3" id="QQ2-1-98">Projects and Invoices</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">8.4 <a
+href="#x1-990008.4" id="QQ2-1-99">Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">8.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-1000008.4.1" id="QQ2-1-100">Timecard Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">8.4.2 <a
+href="#x1-1010008.4.2" id="QQ2-1-101">Project Transaction Reporting</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">8.4.3 <a
+href="#x1-1020008.4.3" id="QQ2-1-102">List of Projects</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">8.5 <a
+href="#x1-1030008.5" id="QQ2-1-103">Possibilities for Using Projects</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">9 <a
+href="#x1-1040009" id="QQ2-1-104">Quotations and Order Management</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.1 <a
+href="#x1-1050009.1" id="QQ2-1-105">Sales Orders</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.2 <a
+href="#x1-1060009.2" id="QQ2-1-106">Quotations</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.3 <a
+href="#x1-1070009.3" id="QQ2-1-107">Shipping</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.4 <a
+href="#x1-1080009.4" id="QQ2-1-108">AR Work Flow</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-1090009.4.1" id="QQ2-1-109">Service Example</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.4.2 <a
+href="#x1-1100009.4.2" id="QQ2-1-111">Single Warehouse Example</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.4.3 <a
+href="#x1-1110009.4.3" id="QQ2-1-113">Multiple Warehouse Example</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.5 <a
+href="#x1-1120009.5" id="QQ2-1-115">Requests for Quotation (RFQ)</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.6 <a
+href="#x1-1130009.6" id="QQ2-1-116">Purchase Orders</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.7 <a
+href="#x1-1140009.7" id="QQ2-1-117">Receiving</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.8 <a
+href="#x1-1150009.8" id="QQ2-1-118">AP Work Flow</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.8.1 <a
+href="#x1-1160009.8.1" id="QQ2-1-119">Bookkeeper entering the received items, order completed in full</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.8.2 <a
+href="#x1-1170009.8.2" id="QQ2-1-121">Bookkeeper entering received items, order completed in part</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.8.3 <a
+href="#x1-1180009.8.3" id="QQ2-1-123">Receiving staff entering items</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.9 <a
+href="#x1-1190009.9" id="QQ2-1-125">Generation and Consolidation</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.9.1 <a
+href="#x1-1200009.9.1" id="QQ2-1-126">Generation</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">9.9.2 <a
+href="#x1-1210009.9.2" id="QQ2-1-127">Consolidation</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.10 <a
+href="#x1-1220009.10" id="QQ2-1-128">Reporting</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">9.11 <a
+href="#x1-1230009.11" id="QQ2-1-129">Shipping Module: Transferring Inventory between Warehouses</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">10 <a
+href="#x1-12400010" id="QQ2-1-130">HR</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">11 <a
+href="#x1-12500011" id="QQ2-1-131">POS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">11.1 <a
+href="#x1-12600011.1" id="QQ2-1-132">Sales Screen</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">11.2 <a
+href="#x1-12700011.2" id="QQ2-1-133">Possibilities for Data Entry</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">11.3 <a
+href="#x1-12800011.3" id="QQ2-1-134">Hardware Support</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">11.4 <a
+href="#x1-12900011.4" id="QQ2-1-135">Reports</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">11.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-13000011.4.1" id="QQ2-1-136">Open Invoices</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">11.4.2 <a
+href="#x1-13100011.4.2" id="QQ2-1-137">Receipts</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">12 <a
+href="#x1-13200012" id="QQ2-1-138">General Ledger</a></span>
+
+
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.1 <a
+href="#x1-13300012.1" id="QQ2-1-139">GL Basics</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">12.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-13400012.1.1" id="QQ2-1-140">Paper-based accounting systems and the GL</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">12.1.2 <a
+href="#x1-13500012.1.2" id="QQ2-1-141">Double Entry Examples on Paper</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">12.1.3 <a
+href="#x1-13600012.1.3" id="QQ2-1-142">The GL in Ledger-SMB</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.2 <a
+href="#x1-13700012.2" id="QQ2-1-143">Cash Transfer</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.3 <a
+href="#x1-13800012.3" id="QQ2-1-144">GL Transactions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.4 <a
+href="#x1-13900012.4" id="QQ2-1-145">Payroll as a GL transaction</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.5 <a
+href="#x1-14000012.5" id="QQ2-1-147">Reconciliation</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">12.6 <a
+href="#x1-14100012.6" id="QQ2-1-148">Reports</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">12.6.1 <a
+href="#x1-14200012.6.1" id="QQ2-1-149">GL as access to almost everything else</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">13 <a
+href="#x1-14300013" id="QQ2-1-150">Recurring Transactions</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">14 <a
+href="#x1-14400014" id="QQ2-1-151">Financial Statements and Reports</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.1 <a
+href="#x1-14500014.1" id="QQ2-1-152">Cash v. Accrual Basis</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.2 <a
+href="#x1-14600014.2" id="QQ2-1-153">Viewing the Chart of Accounts and Transactions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.3 <a
+href="#x1-14700014.3" id="QQ2-1-154">Trial Balance</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-14800014.3.1" id="QQ2-1-155">The Paper-based function of a Trial Balance</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.3.2 <a
+href="#x1-14900014.3.2" id="QQ2-1-156">Running the Trial Balance Report</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.3.3 <a
+href="#x1-15000014.3.3" id="QQ2-1-157">What if the Trial Balance doesn’t Balance?</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.3.4 <a
+href="#x1-15100014.3.4" id="QQ2-1-158">Trial Balance as a Summary of Account Activity</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.3.5 <a
+href="#x1-15200014.3.5" id="QQ2-1-159">Trial Balance as a Budget Planning Tool</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.4 <a
+href="#x1-15300014.4" id="QQ2-1-160">Income Statement</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">14.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-15400014.4.1" id="QQ2-1-161">Uses of an Income Statement</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.5 <a
+href="#x1-15500014.5" id="QQ2-1-162">Balance Sheet</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.6 <a
+href="#x1-15600014.6" id="QQ2-1-163">What if the Balance Sheet doesn’t balance?</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">14.7 <a
+href="#x1-15700014.7" id="QQ2-1-164">No Statement of Owner Equity?</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">15 <a
+href="#x1-15800015" id="QQ2-1-165">The Template System</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.1 <a
+href="#x1-15900015.1" id="QQ2-1-166">Text Templates</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.2 <a
+href="#x1-16000015.2" id="QQ2-1-167">HTML Templates</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.3 <a
+href="#x1-16100015.3" id="QQ2-1-168"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Templates</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">15.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-16200015.3.1" id="QQ2-1-169">What is <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> ?</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">15.3.2 <a
+href="#x1-16300015.3.2" id="QQ2-1-170">Using LY X to Edit <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> Templates</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.4 <a
+href="#x1-16400015.4" id="QQ2-1-171">Customizing Logos</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.5 <a
+href="#x1-16500015.5" id="QQ2-1-172">How are They Stored in the Filesystem?</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">15.6 <a
+href="#x1-16600015.6" id="QQ2-1-173">Upgrade Issues</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">16 <a
+href="#x1-16700016" id="QQ2-1-174">An Introduction to the CLI</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">16.1 <a
+href="#x1-16800016.1" id="QQ2-1-175">Conventions</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">16.2 <a
+href="#x1-16900016.2" id="QQ2-1-176">Preliminaries</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">16.3 <a
+href="#x1-17000016.3" id="QQ2-1-177">First Script: lsmb01-cli-example.sh</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">16.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-17100016.3.1" id="QQ2-1-178">Script 1 (Bash)</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">16.4 <a
+href="#x1-17200016.4" id="QQ2-1-179">Second Script: lsmb02-cli-example.pl</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">16.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-17300016.4.1" id="QQ2-1-180">Script 2 (Perl)</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="partToc">II  <a
+href="#x1-174000II" id="QQ2-1-181">Technical Overview</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">17 <a
+href="#x1-17500017" id="QQ2-1-182">Basic Architecture</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">17.1 <a
+href="#x1-17600017.1" id="QQ2-1-183">The Software Stack</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">17.2 <a
+href="#x1-17700017.2" id="QQ2-1-185">Capacity Planning</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">17.2.1 <a
+href="#x1-17800017.2.1" id="QQ2-1-186">Scalability Strategies</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">17.2.2 <a
+href="#x1-17900017.2.2" id="QQ2-1-187">Database Maintenance</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">17.2.3 <a
+href="#x1-18000017.2.3" id="QQ2-1-188">Known issues</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">18 <a
+href="#x1-18100018" id="QQ2-1-189">Customization Possibilities</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">18.1 <a
+href="#x1-18200018.1" id="QQ2-1-190">Brief Guide to the Source Code</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">18.2 <a
+href="#x1-18300018.2" id="QQ2-1-191">Data Entry Screens</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">18.2.1 <a
+href="#x1-18400018.2.1" id="QQ2-1-192">Examples</a></span>
+
+
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">18.3 <a
+href="#x1-18500018.3" id="QQ2-1-193">Extensions</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">18.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-18600018.3.1" id="QQ2-1-194">Examples</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">18.4 <a
+href="#x1-18700018.4" id="QQ2-1-195">Templates</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">18.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-18800018.4.1" id="QQ2-1-196">Examples</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">18.5 <a
+href="#x1-18900018.5" id="QQ2-1-197">Reports</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">18.5.1 <a
+href="#x1-19000018.5.1" id="QQ2-1-198">Examples</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">19 <a
+href="#x1-19100019" id="QQ2-1-199">Integration Possibilities</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">19.1 <a
+href="#x1-19200019.1" id="QQ2-1-200">Reporting Tools</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.1.1 <a
+href="#x1-19300019.1.1" id="QQ2-1-201">Examples</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">19.2 <a
+href="#x1-19400019.2" id="QQ2-1-202">Line of Business Tools on PostgreSQL</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.2.1 <a
+href="#x1-19500019.2.1" id="QQ2-1-203">Known Issues</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.2.2 <a
+href="#x1-19600019.2.2" id="QQ2-1-204">Strategies</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.2.3 <a
+href="#x1-19700019.2.3" id="QQ2-1-205">Examples</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">19.3 <a
+href="#x1-19800019.3" id="QQ2-1-206">Line of Business Tools on other RDBMS’s</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.3.1 <a
+href="#x1-19900019.3.1" id="QQ2-1-207">Strategies</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">19.3.2 <a
+href="#x1-20000019.3.2" id="QQ2-1-208">Integration Products and Open Source Projects</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">20 <a
+href="#x1-20100020" id="QQ2-1-209">Customization Guide</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">20.1 <a
+href="#x1-20200020.1" id="QQ2-1-210">General Information</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">20.2 <a
+href="#x1-20300020.2" id="QQ2-1-211">Customizing Templates</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.1 <a
+href="#x1-20400020.2.1" id="QQ2-1-212">Page Breaks in <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.2 <a
+href="#x1-20500020.2.2" id="QQ2-1-213">Conditionals</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.3 <a
+href="#x1-20600020.2.3" id="QQ2-1-214">Loops</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.4 <a
+href="#x1-20700020.2.4" id="QQ2-1-215">File Inclusion</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.5 <a
+href="#x1-20800020.2.5" id="QQ2-1-216">Cross-referencing and multiple passes of <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span></a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.2.6 <a
+href="#x1-20900020.2.6" id="QQ2-1-217">Variable Substitution</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">20.3 <a
+href="#x1-21000020.3" id="QQ2-1-218">Customizing Forms</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">20.4 <a
+href="#x1-21100020.4" id="QQ2-1-219">Customizing Modules</a></span>
+<br />   <span class="subsubsectionToc">20.4.1 <a
+href="#x1-21200020.4.1" id="QQ2-1-220">Database Access</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">20.5 <a
+href="#x1-21300020.5" id="QQ2-1-221">CLI Examples</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="partToc">III  <a
+href="#x1-214000III" id="QQ2-1-222">Appendix</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">A <a
+href="#x1-215000A" id="QQ2-1-223">Where to Go for More Information</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">B <a
+href="#x1-216000B" id="QQ2-1-224">Quick Tips</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">B.1 <a
+href="#x1-217000B.1" id="QQ2-1-225">Understanding Shipping Addresses and Carriers</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">B.2 <a
+href="#x1-218000B.2" id="QQ2-1-226">Handling bad debts</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">C <a
+href="#x1-219000C" id="QQ2-1-227">Step by Steps for Vertical Markets</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">C.1 <a
+href="#x1-220000C.1" id="QQ2-1-228">Common Installation Errors</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc">C.2 <a
+href="#x1-221000C.2" id="QQ2-1-229">Retail With Light Manufacturing</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">D <a
+href="#x1-222000D" id="QQ2-1-230">Glossary</a></span>
+<br /> <span class="sectionToc">E <a
+href="#x1-223000E" id="QQ2-1-231">GNU Free Documentation License</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-232">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-233">2. VERBATIM COPYING</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-234">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-235">4. MODIFICATIONS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-236">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-237">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-238">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-239">8. TRANSLATION</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-240">9. TERMINATION</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-241">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</a></span>
+<br />  <span class="subsectionToc"> <a
+href="#Q1-1-242">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></span>
+ </div>
+
+
+<!--l. 44--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="likesectionHead"><a
+ id="x1-2000"></a>List of Figures</h3>
+ <div class="tableofcontents"><span class="lofToc">1 <a
+href="#x1-1090011">Simple AR Service Invoice Workflow Example</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">2 <a
+href="#x1-1100012">AR Workflow with
+Shipping</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">3 <a
+href="#x1-1110013">Complex AR Workflow with Shipping</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">4 <a
+href="#x1-1160014">Simple AP Workflow</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">5 <a
+href="#x1-1170015">AP
+Workflow with Receiving</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">6 <a
+href="#x1-1180016">Complex AP Workflow</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">7 <a
+href="#x1-1390017">Payroll as a GL Transaction (Purely
+fictitious numbers)</a></span><br /><span class="lofToc">8 <a
+href="#x1-1760018">The Ledger-SMB software stack in a Typical Implementation</a></span><br />
+ </div>
+
+
+ <h1 class="partHead"><span class="titlemark">Part I<br /></span><a
+ id="x1-3000I"></a>Ledger-SMB and Business Processes</h1>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-40001"></a>Introduction to Ledger-SMB</h3>
+<!--l. 56--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-50001.1"></a>Why Ledger-SMB</h4>
+<!--l. 59--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-60001.1.1"></a>Advantages of Ledger-SMB</h5>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Flexibility and Central Management
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Accessibility over the Internet (for some users)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Relatively open data format
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Integration with other tools
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Excellent accounting options for Linux users
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Open Source
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Flexible, open framework that can be extended or modified to fit your business.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Security-conscious development community.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 73--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.1.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-70001.1.2"></a>Key Features</h5>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Accounts Receivable
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track sales by customer
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Issue Invoices, Statements, Receipts, and more
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Do job costing and time entry for customer projects
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Manage sales orders and quotations
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Ship items from sales orders</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Accounts Payable
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track purchases and debts by vendor
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Issue RFQ’s Purchase Orders, etc.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Track items received from purchase orders</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Budgeting
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track expenditures and income across multiple departments
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Track all transactions across departments</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Check Printing
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Customize template for any check form</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">General Ledger
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Inventory Management
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track sales and orders of parts
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Track cost of goods sold using First In/First Out method
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">List all parts below reorder point
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Track ordering requirements
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Track, ship, receive, and transfer parts to and from multiple warehouses</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Localization
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Provide Localized Translations for Part Descriptions
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Provide Localized Templates for Invoices, Orders, Checks, and more
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Select language per customer, invoice, order, etc.</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Manufacturing
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track cost of goods sold for manufactured goods (assemblies)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Create assemblies and stock assemblies, tracking materials on hand</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Multi-company/Multiuser
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">One isolated database per company
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Users can have localized systems independent of company data set</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Point of Sale
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Run multiple cash registers against main Ledger-SMB installation
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Suitable for retail stores and more
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Credit card processing via TrustCommerce
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Supports some POS hardware out of the box including:
+ <ul class="itemize3">
+ <li class="itemize">Logic Controls PD3000 pole displays (serial or parallel)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Basic text-based receipt printers
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Keyboard wedge barcode scanners
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Keyboard wedge magnetic card readers
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Printer-attached cash drawers</li></ul>
+ </li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Price Matrix
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Track different prices for vendors and customers across the board
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Provide discounts to groups of customers per item or across the board
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Store vendors’ prices independent of the other last cost in the parts record</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Reporting
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Supports all basic financial statements
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Easily display customer history, sales data, and additional information
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Open framework allows for ODBC connections to be used to generate reports using third
+ party reporting tools.</li></ul>
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Tax
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Supports Retail Sales Tax and Value Added Tax type systems
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Flexible framework allows one to customize reports to change the tax reporting framework
+ to meet any local requirement.</li></ul>
+ </li></ul>
+<!--l. 173--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-80001.2"></a>Limitations of Ledger-SMB</h4>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">No payroll module (Payroll must be done manually)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Some integration limitations
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Further development/maintenance requires a knowledge of a relatively broad range of
+ technologies</li></ul>
+<!--l. 182--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-90001.3"></a>System Requirements of Ledger-SMB</h4>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">PostgreSQL
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">A CGI-enabled Web Server (for example, Apache)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Perl 5.8.x
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">An operating system which supports the above software (usually Linux, though Windows,
+ MacOS X, etc. do work)
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize"><span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> (optional) is required to create PDF or Postscript invoices
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">The following CPAN modules:
+ <ul class="itemize2">
+ <li class="itemize">Data::Dumper
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Locale::Maketext
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Locale::Maketext::Lexicon
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">MIME::Base64
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Digest::MD5
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">HTML::Entities
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">DBI
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">DBD::Pg
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Math::BigFloat
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">IO::File
+
+
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Encode
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Locale::Country
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Locale::Language
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Time::Local
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Cwd
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Config::Std
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">MIME::Lite</li></ul>
+ </li></ul>
+<!--l. 214--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-100002"></a>User Account and Database Administration Basics</h3>
+<!--l. 216--><p class="noindent">These functions are accessed via the admin.pl script in the installed directory of Ledger-SMB.
+</p><!--l. 220--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-110002.1"></a>Companies and Datasets</h4>
+<!--l. 222--><p class="noindent">Ledger-SMB stores its information in locale-specific data sets. When a dataset is created, it sets various
+defaults such as currency, a basic chart of accounts setup, and so forth. Note that the default setup is for
+Canada, where the author of the software resides.
+</p><!--l. 227--><p class="indent"> Datasets are stored as PostgreSQL databases. The application is designed with the idea that each dataset
+will represent exactly one company. If a customer is working with multiple companies, he/she must create a
+dataset to for each.
+</p><!--l. 232--><p class="indent"> When creating a dataset, the application asks for both a username and a superusername. If the
+superuser’s information is not filled in, Ledger-SMB will attempt to populate an existing dataset, but if this
+information is filled in, the program will log into the PostgreSQL cluster with the superusername and
+password, create the database, and attempt to add Plpgsql to it.
+</p><!--l. 238--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-120002.2"></a>How to Create a User</h4>
+<!--l. 240--><p class="noindent">Users are created by going to the admin.pl page and clicking on "Add User." One then fills out the form and
+when it is saved, the user is created.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 245--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-130002.3"></a>Permissions</h4>
+<!--l. 247--><p class="noindent">The permissions system is not rigorously enforced within Ledger-SMB, in the sense that the
+permissions API is generally not used in the application itself. Instead permissions are used to
+enable/disable menu options. Setting an enforcement of such permissions would require some custom
+programming at the present time. Most organizations, however, find that the current system is
+adequate.
+</p><!--l. 254--><p class="indent"> The checkboxes which are marked enable menu entries. Those that are unchecked disable those entries on
+the menu.
+</p><!--l. 258--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-140002.4"></a>User Account Types</h4>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">User is a general user of the system
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Managers often are able to see a larger amount of data
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Administrators have full access to the system</li></ul>
+<!--l. 266--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">2.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-150002.5"></a>Other Features</h4>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Lock System allows one to lock users out of the system while maintenance is performed. This is
+ only necessary during upgrades or maintenance which results in the RDBMS being offline.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Change Admin Password changes the administrative password.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Logout terminates the admin session.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 276--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-160003"></a>Chart of Accounts</h3>
+<!--l. 278--><p class="noindent">The Chart of Accounts provides a basic overview of the logical structure of the accounting program. One can
+customize this chart to allow for tracking of different sorts of information.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 283--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-170003.1"></a>Introduction to Double Entry Bookkeeping</h4>
+<!--l. 284--><p class="noindent">In order to set up your chart of accounts in LedgerSMB you will need to understand a bit about double entry
+bookkeeping. This section provides a brief overview of the essential concepts. There is a list of references for
+further reading at the end.
+</p><!--l. 289--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-180003.1.1"></a>Business Entity</h5>
+<!--l. 290--><p class="noindent">You don’t want to mix your personal expenses and income with that of the business or you will
+not be able to tell how much money it is making (if any). For the same reason you will want
+to keep track of how much money you put into and take out of the business so you will want
+to set up a completely seperate set of records for it and treat it almost as if it had a life of its
+own.
+</p><!--l. 297--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-190003.1.2"></a>Double Entry</h5>
+<!--l. 298--><p class="noindent">Examples: </p>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">When you buy you pay money and receive goods.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">When you sell you get money and give goods.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">When you borrow you get money and give a promise to pay it back.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">When you lend you give money and get a promise to pay it back.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">When you sell on credit you give goods and get a promise to pay.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">When you buy on credit you give a promise to pay and get goods.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 308--><p class="indent"> You need to record both sides of each transaction: thus double entry. Furthermore, you want to organize
+your entries, recording those having to do with money in one place, value of goods bought and sold in
+another, money owed in yet another, etc. Hence you create accounts, and record each half of each transaction
+in an appropriate account. Of course, you won’t have to actually record the amount in more than one place
+yourself: the program takes care of that.
+</p><!--l. 316--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-200003.1.3"></a>Accounts</h5>
+<!--l. 318--><p class="noindent">
+
+
+ </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Assets</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Valuable stuff the business owns such as money and goods available for sale
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Liabilities</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Debts owned by the business such as bank loans and unpaid bills
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Equity or Capital</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">What would be left for the owner if all the assets were converted to money and
+ all the liabilities paid off ("Share Capital" on the LedgerSMB default chart of accounts: not to be
+ confused with "Capital Assets".)
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Revenue</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Income from business activity: increases Equity
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Expense</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">The light bill, the cost of goods sold, etc: decreases Equity</dd></dl>
+<!--l. 330--><p class="noindent">All other accounts are subdivisions of these. The relationship between the top-level accounts
+is often stated in the form of the Accounting Equation (don’t worry: you won’t have to solve
+it):
+</p><!--l. 334--><p class="indent"> Assets = Liabilities + Equity + (Revenue - Expense)
+</p><!--l. 336--><p class="indent"> You won’t actually use this equation while doing your bookkeeping, but it’s a useful tool for
+understanding how the system works.
+</p><!--l. 339--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-210003.1.4"></a>Debits and Credits</h5>
+<!--l. 341--><p class="noindent">Traditional paper accounting systems used a two-column form in which all increases went in one column
+and all deceases in the other. For asset and expense accounts increases went in the left column and decreases
+in the right. For liability and capital accounts decreases went in the left column and increases in the right.
+Looking at the accounting equation we see that assets are on the left, so it is logical that asset increases would
+go on the left. Libilities, capital, and revenue are on the right so it is logical that their increase would go on
+the right. Expenses, however, are on the right, so why do their increases go on the left? Because expenses are
+subtracted from the right side of the equation and so expense increases decrease the right side of the
+equation.
+</p><!--l. 353--><p class="indent"> Entries in the left column of the traditional form are called debits, while entries on the right are called
+credits. Neither is "negative".
+</p>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Debits increase assets
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Debits increase expense
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Credits increase liabilities
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Credits increase capital
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">Credits increase revenue</li></ul>
+
+
+<!--l. 364--><p class="indent"> Examples:
+</p><!--l. 366--><p class="indent"> You go to the bank and make a deposit. The teller tells you that he is going to credit your
+account. This is correct: your account is money the bank owes you and so is a liability from their
+point of view. Your deposit increased this liability and so they will credit it. They will make an
+equal debit to their cash account. When you return you will debit your bank deposits account
+because you have increased that asset and credit cash on hand because you have decreased that
+one.
+</p><!--l. 375--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-220003.1.5"></a>Accrual</h5>
+<!--l. 377--><p class="noindent">Early accounting systems were usually run on a cash basis. One generally did not consider money owed to
+affect the financial health of a company, so expenses posted when paid as did income.
+</p><!--l. 381--><p class="indent"> The problem with this approach is that it becomes very difficult or impossible to truly understand the
+exact nature of the financial health of a business. One cannot get the full picture of the financial health of a
+business because outstanding debts are not considered. Futhermore, this does not allow for revenue to
+be tied to cost effectively, so it becomes difficult to assess how profitable a given activity truly
+is.
+</p><!--l. 388--><p class="indent"> To solve this problem, accrual-based systems were designed. The basic principle is that income and
+expense should be posted as they are incurred, or accrued. This allows one to track income relative to
+expense for specific projects or operations, and make better decisions about which activities will help one
+maximize profitability.
+</p><!--l. 394--><p class="indent"> To show how these systems differ, imagine that you bill a customer for time and materials for a project
+you have just completed. The customer pays the bill after 30 days. In a cash based system, you would post
+the income at the time when the customer pays, while in an accrual system, the income is posted at the time
+when the project is completed.
+</p><!--l. 400--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.1.6 </span> <a
+ id="x1-230003.1.6"></a>References</h5>
+<!--l. 402--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips.com/learning-accounting/accounting-basics-credit.htm"; class="url" >http://www.accounting-and-bookkeeping-tips.com/learning-accounting/accounting-basics-credit.htm</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Discussion of debits and credits as well as links to other accounting subjects.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 405--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.computer-consulting.com/accttips.htm"; class="url" >http://www.computer-consulting.com/accttips.htm</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Discussion of double entry bookkeeping.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 408--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.minnesota.com/~tom/sql-ledger/howtos/"; class="url" >http://www.minnesota.com/~tom/sql-ledger/howtos/</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />A short glossary, some links, and a FAQ (which makes the "credit=negative number" error). The FAQ focuses
+on SQL-Ledger, LedgerSMB’s ancestor.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 412--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://bitscafe.com/pub2/etp/sql-ledger-notes#expenses"; class="url" >http://bitscafe.com/pub2/etp/sql-ledger-notes#expenses</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Some notes on using SQL-Ledger (LedgerSMB’s ancestor).
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 415--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics"; class="url" >http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_accounting_topics</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Wikipedia articles on accounting.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 418--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.bized.ac.uk/learn/accounting/financial/index.htm"; class="url" >http://www.bized.ac.uk/learn/accounting/financial/index.htm</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Basic accounting tutorial.
+<br class="newline" />
+
+
+</p><!--l. 421--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.asset-analysis.com/glossary/glo_index.html"; class="url" >http://www.asset-analysis.com/glossary/glo_index.html</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Financial dictionary and glossary.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 424--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.geocities.com/chapleaucree/educational/FinanceHandbook.html"; class="url" >http://www.geocities.com/chapleaucree/educational/FinanceHandbook.html</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Financial glossary.
+<br class="newline" />
+</p><!--l. 427--><p class="noindent"><span class="obeylines-h"><a
+href="http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/"; class="url" >http://www.quickmba.com/accounting/fin/</a></span>
+<br class="newline" />Explanation of fundamentals of accounting, including good discussions of debits and credits and of
+double-entry.
+</p><!--l. 432--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-240003.2"></a>General Guidelines on Numbering Accounts</h4>
+<!--l. 434--><p class="noindent">In general, most drop-down boxes in Ledger-SMB order the accounts by account number. Therefore by
+setting appropriate account numbers, one can affect the default values.
+</p><!--l. 438--><p class="indent"> A second consideration is to try to keep things under each heading appropriate to that heading.
+Thus setting an account number for a bank loan account in the assets category is not generally
+advisable.
+</p><!--l. 443--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-250003.3"></a>Adding/Modifying Accounts</h4>
+<!--l. 445--><p class="noindent">These features are listed under System->Chart of Accounts. One can list the accounts and click on the
+account number to modify them or click on the "add account" option to create new accounts.
+</p>
+ <ul class="itemize1">
+ <li class="itemize">Headings are just broad categories and do not store values themselves, while accounts are used
+ to store the transactional information.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">One cannot have an account that is a summary account (like AR) and also has another function.
+ </li>
+ <li class="itemize">GIFI is mostly of interest to Canadian customers but it can be used to create reports of account
+ hierarchies.</li></ul>
+<!--l. 459--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">3.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-260003.4"></a>Listing Account Balances and Transactions</h4>
+<!--l. 461--><p class="noindent">One can list the account balances via the Reports->Chart of Accounts report. Clicking on the account number
+will provide a ledger for that account.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 466--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-270004"></a>Administration</h3>
+<!--l. 468--><p class="noindent">This section covers other (non-Chart of Accounts) aspects to the setup of the Ledger-SMB accounting
+package. These are generally accessed in the System submenu.
+</p><!--l. 473--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-280004.1"></a>Taxes, Defaults, and Preferences</h4>
+<!--l. 474--><p class="noindent">One of the new features in 1.2 is the modular sales tax system and the simple sales tax module. This allows
+one to install different tax modules and then select which taxes are applied by which programming modules.
+The sales tax module has access to everything on the submitted form so it is able to make complex
+determinations on what is taxable based on arbitrary criteria.
+</p><!--l. 480--><p class="indent"> The tax rules drop-down box allows one to select any installed tax module (LedgerSMB 1.2 ships only
+with the simple module), while the ordering is an integer which allows one to specify a tax run which occurs
+on the form after any rules with lower entries in this box. This allows for compounding of sales tax (for
+example, when PST applies to the total and GST as well).
+</p><!--l. 485--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-290004.1.1"></a>Adding A Sales Tax Account</h5>
+<!--l. 487--><p class="noindent">Sales Tax is collected on behalf of a state or national government by the individual store. Thus a sales tax
+account is a liability– it represents money owed by the business to the government.
+</p><!--l. 491--><p class="indent"> To add a sales tax account, create an account in the Chart of Accounts as a liability account, check all of
+the "tax" checkboxes, and answer the following question as "yes:"
+</p><!--l. 495--><p class="indent"> "Include this account on the customer/vendor forms to flag customer/vendor as taxable?"
+</p><!--l. 498--><p class="indent"> Once this account is created, one can set the tax amount.
+</p><!--l. 501--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-300004.1.2"></a>Setting a Sales Tax Amount</h5>
+<!--l. 503--><p class="noindent">Go to System->Defaults and the tax account will be listed near the bottom of the page. The rate can be set
+there.
+</p><!--l. 507--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-310004.1.3"></a>Default Account Setup</h5>
+<!--l. 509--><p class="noindent">These accounts are the default accounts for part creation and foreign exchange tracking.
+</p><!--l. 513--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-320004.1.4"></a>Currency Setup</h5>
+<!--l. 515--><p class="noindent">The US accounts list this as USD:CAD:EUR. One can add other currencies in here, such as IDR (Indonesian
+Rupiah), etc. Currencies are separated by colons.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 520--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.1.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-330004.1.5"></a>Sequence Settings</h5>
+<!--l. 522--><p class="noindent">These sequences are used to generate user identifiers for quotations, invoices, and the like. If an identifier is
+not added, the next number will be used.
+</p><!--l. 526--><p class="indent"> A common application is to set invoices, etc. to start at 1000 in order to hide the number of issued invoices
+from a customer.
+</p><!--l. 529--><p class="indent"> Leading zeros are preserved. Other special values which can be embedded using <span
+class="cmmi-10"><</span>?lsmb ?<span
+class="cmmi-10">> </span>tags
+include:
+</p><!--l. 532--><p class="indent">
+ </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">DATE</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the current date
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">YYMMDD</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to a six-digit version of the date. The components of this date can be re-arranged
+ in any order, so MMDDYY, DDMMYY, or even just MMYY are all options.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">NAME</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the name of the customer or vendor
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">BUSINESS</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the type of business assigned to the customer or ventor.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">DESCRIPTION</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the description of the part. Valid only for parts.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">ITEM</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the item field. Valid only for parts.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">PERISCOPE</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the partsgroup. Valid only for parts.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">PHONE</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">expands to the telephoen number for customers and vendors.</dd></dl>
+<!--l. 546--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-340004.2"></a>Audit Control</h4>
+<!--l. 548--><p class="noindent">Auditability is a core concern of the architects of any accounting system. Such ensures that any modification
+to the accounting information leaves a trail which can be followed to determine the nature of the change.
+Audits can help ensure that the data in the accounting system is meaningful and accurate, and that no foul
+play (such as embezzlement) is occurring.
+</p><!--l. 556--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-350004.2.1"></a>Explaining transaction reversal</h5>
+<!--l. 558--><p class="noindent">In paper accounting systems, it was necessary to have a means to authoritatively track corrections of
+mistakes. The means by which this was done was known as "transaction reversal."
+</p><!--l. 562--><p class="indent"> When a mistake would be made, one would then reverse the transaction and then enter it in correctly. For
+example, let us say that an office was renting space for $300 per month. Let us say that they inadvertently
+entered it in as a $200 expense.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 567--><p class="indent"> The original transaction would be:
+</p>
+ <div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups"
+><colgroup id="TBL-2-1g"><col
+id="TBL-2-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-2-2g"><col
+id="TBL-2-2" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-2-3g"><col
+id="TBL-2-3" /></colgroup><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-1-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-1-1"
+class="td11">Account </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-1-2"
+class="td11">Debit</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-1-3"
+class="td11">Credit</td>
+</tr><tr
+class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-2-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-2-1"
+class="td11">5760 Rent </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-2-2"
+class="td11"> $200</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-2-3"
+class="td11"> </td>
+</tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-3-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-3-1"
+class="td11">2100 Accounts Payable</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-3-2"
+class="td11"> </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-2-3-3"
+class="td11"> $200</td>
+</tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-2-4-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-2-4-1"
+class="td11"> </td> </tr></table>
+</div>
+<!--l. 582--><p class="indent"> The reversal would be:
+</p>
+ <div class="tabular"><table class="tabular"
+cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups"
+><colgroup id="TBL-3-1g"><col
+id="TBL-3-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-3-2g"><col
+id="TBL-3-2" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-3-3g"><col
+id="TBL-3-3" /></colgroup><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-1-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-1-1"
+class="td11">Account </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-1-2"
+class="td11">Debit</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-1-3"
+class="td11">Credit</td>
+</tr><tr
+class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-2-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-2-1"
+class="td11">5760 Rent </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-2-2"
+class="td11"> </td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-2-3"
+class="td11"> $200</td>
+</tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-3-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-3-1"
+class="td11">2100 Accounts Payable</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-3-2"
+class="td11"> $200</td><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:right;" id="TBL-3-3-3"
+class="td11"> </td>
+</tr><tr
+ style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-3-4-"><td style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-3-4-1"
+class="td11"> </td> </tr></table>
+</div>
+<!--l. 597--><p class="indent"> This would be followed by re-entering the rent data with the correct numbers. This was meant to ensure
+that one did not erase data from the accounting books (and as such that erasing data would be a sign of foul
+play).
+</p><!--l. 602--><p class="indent"> Ledger-SMB has a capability to require such reversals if the business deems this to be necessary. When
+this option is enabled, existing transactions cannot be modified and one will need to post reversing
+transactions to void existing transactions before posting corrected ones.
+</p><!--l. 608--><p class="indent"> Most accountants prefer this means to other audit trails because it is well proven and understood by
+them.
+</p><!--l. 612--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-360004.2.2"></a>Close books option</h5>
+<!--l. 614--><p class="noindent">You cannot alter a transaction that was entered before the closing date.
+</p><!--l. 617--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.2.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-370004.2.3"></a>Audit Trails</h5>
+<!--l. 619--><p class="noindent">This option stores additional information in the database to help auditors trace individual transactions. The
+information stored, however, is limited and it is intended to be supplemental to other auditing
+facilities.
+</p><!--l. 624--><p class="indent"> The information added includes which table stored the record, which employee entered the
+information, which form was used, and what the action was. No direct financial information is
+included.
+</p><!--l. 629--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-380004.3"></a>Departments</h4>
+<!--l. 631--><p class="noindent">Departments are logical divisions of a business. They allow for budgets to be prepared for the individual
+department as well as the business as a whole. This allows larger businesses to use Ledger-SMB to meet their
+needs.
+</p><!--l. 637--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.3.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-390004.3.1"></a>Cost v Profit Centers.</h5>
+
+
+<!--l. 639--><p class="noindent">In general business units are divided into cost and profit centers. Cost centers are generally regarded as
+business units where the business expects to lose money and profit centers are where they expect to gain
+money. For example, the legal department in most companies is a cost center.
+</p><!--l. 645--><p class="indent"> One of the serious misunderstandings people run up against is that Ledger-SMB tends to more narrowly
+define cost and profit centers than most businesses do. In Ledger-SMB a cost center is any department of the
+business that does not issue AR transactions. Although many businesses may have cost centers (like
+technical support) where customer fees may subsidize the cost of providing the service, in Ledger-SMB, these
+are profit centers.
+</p><!--l. 653--><p class="indent"> Ledger-SMB will not allow cost centers to be associated with AR transactions. So if you want this
+functionality, you must create the department as a profit center.
+</p><!--l. 658--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-400004.4"></a>Warehouses</h4>
+<!--l. 660--><p class="noindent">Ledger-SMB has the ability to track inventory by warehouse. Inventory items can be moved between
+warehouses, and shipped from any warehouse where the item is in stock. We will explore this concept more
+later.
+</p><!--l. 665--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-410004.5"></a>Languages</h4>
+<!--l. 667--><p class="noindent">Languages allow for goods and services to be translated so that one can maintain offices in different
+countries and allow for different goods and service descriptions to be translated to different languages for
+localization purposes.
+</p><!--l. 673--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.6 </span> <a
+ id="x1-420004.6"></a>Types of Businesses</h4>
+<!--l. 675--><p class="noindent">One can create types of businesses and then give them discounts across the board. For example, one might
+give a firm that uses one’s services as a subcontractor a 10% discount or more.
+</p><!--l. 680--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7 </span> <a
+ id="x1-430004.7"></a>Misc.</h4>
+<!--l. 683--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-440004.7.1"></a>GIFI</h5>
+<!--l. 685--><p class="noindent">GIFI is a requirement for Canadian customers. This feature allows one to link accounts with
+Canadian tax codes to simplify the reporting process. Some European countries now use a similar
+system.
+</p><!--l. 689--><p class="indent"> People that don’t otherwise have a use for GIFI can use it to create reports which agregate accounts
+together.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 692--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-450004.7.2"></a>SIC</h5>
+<!--l. 694--><p class="noindent">Standard Industrial Classification is a way of tracking the type of business that a vendor or customer is in.
+For example, an accountant would have an SIC of 8721 while a graphic design firm would have an SIC of
+7336. The classification is hierarchical so one could use this field for custom reporting and marketing
+purposes.
+</p><!--l. 701--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-460004.7.3"></a>Overview of Template Editing</h5>
+<!--l. 703--><p class="noindent">The templates for invoices, orders, and the like can be edited from within Ledger-SMB. The submenus within
+the System submenu such as HTML Templates, Text Templates and <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> templates provide access to this
+functionality.
+</p><!--l. 709--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.7.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-470004.7.4"></a>Year-end</h5>
+<!--l. 711--><p class="noindent">Although the Year-end functionality in Ledger-SMB is very useful, it does not entirely make the process
+simple and painless. One must still manually enter adjustments prior to closing the books. The extent to
+which these adjustments are necessary for any given business is a matter best discussed with an
+accountant.
+</p><!--l. 717--><p class="indent"> The standard way books are normally closed at the end of the year is by moving all
+adjusted<span class="footnote-mark"><a
+href="LedgerSMB-manual2.html#fn1x0"><sup class="textsuperscript">1</sup></a></span><a
+ id="x1-47001f1"></a>
+income and expenses to an equity account usually called "Retained Earnings." Assets and liabilities are not
+moved. Equity drawing/dividend accounts are also moved, but the investment accounts are not. The
+reasoning behind this process is that one wants a permanent record of the amount invested in a business, but
+any dividends ought not to count against their recipients when new investors are brought on
+board.
+</p><!--l. 729--><p class="indent"> Ledger-SMB automatically moves all income and expense into the specified year-end/retained earnings
+account. It does not move the drawing account, and this must be done manually, nor does it automate the
+process of making adjustments.
+</p><!--l. 734--><p class="indent"> Contrary to its name, this function can close the books at any time, though this would likely be of limited
+use.
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">4.8 </span> <a
+ id="x1-480004.8"></a>Options in the ledger-smb.conf</h4>
+<!--l. 740--><p class="noindent">The ledger-smb.conf configures the software by assigning site-wide variables. Most of these should be left
+alone unless one knows what one is doing. However, on some systems some options might need to be
+changed, so all options are presented here for reference:
+</p><!--l. 745--><p class="indent">
+ </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">templates</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">is the directory where the templates are stored.
+
+
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">sendmail</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">is the command to use to send a message. It must read the email from standard input.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">language</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">allows one to set the language for the login screen and admin page.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">latex</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">tells Ledger-SMB whether <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is installed. <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span> is required for generating Postscript and
+ PDF invoices and the like.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Environmental variables</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">can be set here too. One can add paths for searching for <span class="LATEX">L<span class="A">A</span><span class="TEX">T<span
+class="E">E</span>X</span></span>, etc.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Printers</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">section can be used to set a hash table of printers for the software. The primary example is
+ <br class="newline" /><span
+class="cmr-10">[</span>printers<span
+class="cmr-10">]</span>
+ <br class="newline" />Default = lpr
+ <br class="newline" />Color = lpr -PEpson
+ <br class="newline" />However, this can use any program that can accept print documents (in Postscript) from
+ standard input, so there are many more possibilities.</dd></dl>
+<!--l. 765--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-490005"></a>Goods and Services</h3>
+<!--l. 767--><p class="noindent">The Goods and Services module will focus on the definition of goods and services and the related accounting
+concepts.
+</p><!--l. 771--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-500005.1"></a>Basic Terms</h4>
+<!--l. 773--><p class="noindent">
+ </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">COGS</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">is Cost of Goods Sold. When an item is sold, then the expense of its purchase is accrued as
+ attached to the income of the sale.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">List</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Price is the recommended retail price.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Markup</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">is the percentage increase that is applied to the last cost to get the sell price.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">ROP</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">is re-order point. Items with fewer in stock than this will show up on short reports.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Sell</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Price is the price at which the item is sold.</dd></dl>
+
+
+<!--l. 784--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-510005.2"></a>The Price Matrix</h4>
+<!--l. 786--><p class="noindent">It is possible to set different prices for different groups of customers, or for different customers individually.
+Similarly, one can track different prices from different vendors along with the required lead time for an
+order.
+</p><!--l. 792--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-520005.3"></a>Pricegroups</h4>
+<!--l. 794--><p class="noindent">Pricegroups are used to help determine the discount a given customer may have.
+</p><!--l. 798--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-530005.4"></a>Groups</h4>
+<!--l. 800--><p class="noindent">Groups represent a way of categorizing POS items for a touchscreen environment. It is not fully functional
+yet, but is sufficient that with some stylesheet changes, it could be made to work.
+</p><!--l. 805--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-540005.5"></a>Labor/Overhead</h4>
+<!--l. 807--><p class="noindent">Labor/overhead is usually used for tracking manufacturing expenses. It is not directly billed to a customer. It
+is associated with an expense/Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) account.
+</p><!--l. 812--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.6 </span> <a
+ id="x1-550005.6"></a>Services</h4>
+<!--l. 814--><p class="noindent">Services include any labor that is billed directly to the customer. It is associated with an expense/COGS
+account and an income account. Services can be associated with sales tax.
+</p><!--l. 819--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.6.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-560005.6.1"></a>Shipping and Handling as a Service</h5>
+<!--l. 821--><p class="noindent">One approach to dealing with shipping and handling is to add it as a service. Create a service called
+“Shipping and Handling”, with a sell price $1 per unit, and a 0% markup. Bill it as $1 per unit. This allows
+one to add the exact amount of shipping and handling as necessary.
+</p><!--l. 828--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.7 </span> <a
+ id="x1-570005.7"></a>Parts</h4>
+<!--l. 830--><p class="noindent">A part is any single item you might purchase and either might resell or use in manufacturing an assembly. It
+is linked to an expense/COGS account, an income account, and an inventory account. Parts can be associated
+with sales tax.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 836--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.8 </span> <a
+ id="x1-580005.8"></a>Assemblies and Manufacturing</h4>
+<!--l. 838--><p class="noindent">Manufacturers order parts but they sell the products of their efforts. Ledger-SMB supports manufacturing
+using the concept of assemblies. An assembly is any product which is manufactured on site. It consists of a
+selection of parts, services, and/or labor and overhead. Assemblies are treated as parts in most other
+regards.
+</p><!--l. 844--><p class="indent"> However, one cannot order assemblies from vendors. One must instead order the components and stock
+them once they are manufactured.
+</p><!--l. 848--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.8.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-590005.8.1"></a>Stocking Assemblies</h5>
+<!--l. 850--><p class="noindent">One stocks assemblies in the Stock Assembly entry on the Goods and Services submenu. When an assembly
+is stocked the inventory is adjusted properly.
+</p><!--l. 854--><p class="indent"> The Check Inventory option will cause Ledger-SMB to refuse to stock an assembly if the inventory
+required to produce the assembly would drop the part below the reorder point.
+</p><!--l. 859--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9 </span> <a
+ id="x1-600005.9"></a>Reporting</h4>
+<!--l. 862--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-610005.9.1"></a>All Items and Parts Reports</h5>
+<!--l. 864--><p class="noindent">The All Items report provides a unified view of assemblies, parts, services, and labor for the company, while
+the Parts report confines it to parts.
+</p><!--l. 867--><p class="indent"> Types of reports are:
+</p><!--l. 869--><p class="indent">
+ </p><dl class="description"><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Active</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">lists all items not marked as obsolete.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">On</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Hand lists current inventory .
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Short</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Lists all items which are stocked below their ROP.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Obsolete</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Lists all items which are marked as obsolete.
+ </dd><dt class="description">
+<span
+class="pplb8t-">Orphaned</span> </dt><dd
+class="description">Lists all items which have never had a transaction associated with them.</dd></dl>
+<!--l. 877--><p class="noindent">One can also list these goods by invoice, order, or quotation.
+</p><!--l. 879--><p class="indent"> For best results, it is a good idea to enter some AR and AP data before running these reports.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 883--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9.2 </span> <a
+ id="x1-620005.9.2"></a>Requirements</h5>
+<!--l. 885--><p class="noindent">This report is designed to assist managers determine the quantities of goods to order and/or stock. It
+compares the quantity on hand with the activity in a given time frame and provides a list of goods which
+need to be ordered and the relevant quantity.
+</p><!--l. 891--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9.3 </span> <a
+ id="x1-630005.9.3"></a>Services and Labor</h5>
+<!--l. 893--><p class="noindent">This is similar to the Parts and All Items menu but only supports Active, Obsolete, and Orphaned
+reports.
+</p><!--l. 897--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9.4 </span> <a
+ id="x1-640005.9.4"></a>Assemblies</h5>
+<!--l. 899--><p class="noindent">This is similar to the Parts and All Items reports but it also provides an ability to list individual items in the
+assemblies as well.
+</p><!--l. 902--><p class="indent"> AP Invoices, Purchase Orders, and RFQ’s are not available on this report.
+</p><!--l. 906--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.9.5 </span> <a
+ id="x1-650005.9.5"></a>Groups and Pricegroups</h5>
+<!--l. 908--><p class="noindent">These reports provide a simple interface for locating groups and pricegroups. The report types are similar to
+what they are for services.
+</p><!--l. 912--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.10 </span> <a
+ id="x1-660005.10"></a>Translations</h4>
+<!--l. 914--><p class="noindent">One can add translations so that they show up in the customer’s native language in the issued
+invoice.
+</p><!--l. 917--><p class="indent"> To issue translations, one must have languages defined. One can then add translations to descriptions and
+part groups.
+</p><!--l. 921--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">5.11 </span> <a
+ id="x1-670005.11"></a>How Cost of Goods Sold is tracked</h4>
+<!--l. 923--><p class="noindent">Cost of Goods Sold is tracked on a First-In, First-out (FIFO) basis. When a part is purchased, its cost is
+recorded in the database. The cost of the item is then added to the inventory asset account. When the good is
+sold, the cost of the item is moved to the cost of goods sold account.
+</p><!--l. 929--><p class="indent"> This means that one must actually provide invoices for all goods entered at their actual cost. If one enters
+in $0 for the cost, the cost of goods sold will also be $0 when the item is sold. We will cover this entire process
+in more depth after we cover the AP and AR units below.
+
+
+</p><!--l. 936--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6 </span> <a
+ id="x1-680006"></a>AP</h3>
+<!--l. 939--><p class="noindent">
+</p>
+ <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">6.1 </span> <a
+ id="x1-690006.1"></a>Basic AP Concepts</h4>
+<!--l. 941--><p class="noindent">The Accounts Payable module tracks all financial commitments that the company makes to other businesses.
+This includes rent, utilities, etc. as well as orders of goods and services.
@@ Diff output truncated at 100000 characters. @@
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